Efficiency and Emissions Measurement of a Stirling-Engine-Based Residential Microcogeneration System Run on Diesel and Biodiesel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concern with climate change and energy security has generated interest in both cogeneration and biofuels. This experimental study examines the performance of a residential microcogeneration system based on a Stirling engine fueled by diesel and biodiesel. Run on diesel, the system achieves a power efficiency of 11.7% and a heat efficiency of 78.7%. The corresponding efficiencies for the system, when run on biodiesel, are slightly lower at 11.5% and 77.5%, respectively. Particulate emissions for biodiesel are 69.2 mg/kWh, an order of magnitude higher than that of diesel (2.3 mg/kWh). The total unburned hydrocarbon emissions for biodiesel are higher than those of diesel. Emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, methane, acetylene, ethylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde are comparable between diesel and biodiesel, but nitric oxide emissions for diesel are observed to be higher at 151 ppm compared to those for biodiesel (117 ppm). The difference in the performance of the system is generally attributed to higher boiling range compounds in biodiesel that affect the flame stability, the fuel evaporation, and the complete burnout of the fuel. The system achieves energy efficiencies comparable to those of internal-combustion-engine-based and fuel-cell-based cogeneration systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".