Volatile Metals and Metalloids in Hydrothermal Gases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volatile metals and metalloids were sampled from hot springs, fumaroles, and a hydrothermally influenced wetland in Yellowstone National Park. The sampling was based on diffusion through gas sampling chambers. Collected gases were stabilized by dissolution and oxidation in 1:100 diluted NaOCl. Special procedures were developed to analyze the oxidized samples by GF-AAS and HG-AAS. For ICP-MS, samples had to be blank-corrected for polyatomic isotope interferences, especially by 23Na35Cl+ and 23Na37Cl+ on 58Ni and 60Ni and by 40Ar23Na+ on 63Cu. From the concentrations trapped in solution, net diffusion rates were calculated by Fick's first law. The highest concentrations reached a maximum of 8 g/m3 for volatile silicon. Volatile nickel, tungsten, zinc, copper, and molybdenum, previously only known from anthropogenic sources, occurred naturally in the hydrothermal gases in ranges of tens to hundreds of microg/m3. Replicate measurements indicated significant temporal variations in concentrations, probably the result of complex changes in the hydrothermal regime as well as varying microbial activity. Global correlations between gaseous and superficial aqueous phases were missing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".