Analysis of lightning detection network data for selected areas in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analysis of Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) data recorded during years 2004 - 2006 is performed for two selected areas in Canada within a 20-km radius around two tall structures: the CN Tower (CNT, 553 m) in Toronto and the Superstack (SS, 380 m) in Sudbury. The explored lightning characteristics include stroke polarity, lake water or land termination (WT or LT), ground stroke densities N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> , stroke peak currents (including values of I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">50%</sub> , I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">95%</sub> , I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5%</sub> ), distributions of parameters. The results show noticeable differences between characteristics of lightning terminated to lake water and land. In Toronto area (N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> ≈ 3.24 strokes/(km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ·year)), a commonly accepted feature, according to which positive strokes exhibit dominating peak currents in comparison to negative ones, is confirmed only for WT lightning (not close to the CNT), especially in the range of high currents. For LT lightning in the range of current amplitudes close to 50% values, the negative strokes are characterized by larger peaks (by more than 30%) with respect to positive ones. No positive strokes to water were recorded within 5 km near the CNT during the period of analysis. While WT events exhibit a lower N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> than LT ones, they show larger peak currents. The Sudbury area, characterized by a lower lightning activity (N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> ≈ 0.91 strokes/(km2·year)), shows the common relation between peak currents of positive and negative polarities (first are dominating). For the SS, the estimated number of upward lightning looks rather low: 0.47 strokes or 0.37 flashes per year. For the CNT, it is about 32 strokes or 14 upward flashes per year. Distributions of N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> along the distance from the tall objects, beside the increased levels near object, contain dips next to object (up to 3 - 7 km).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".