Effect of <i>n</i>-CaCO<sub>3</sub> and metakaolin on hydrated Portland cement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nCaCO 3 ) on the hydration of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) blended with metakaolin was studied through comparison with OPC, OPC plus metakaolin and OPC plus nCaCO 3 control samples. Isothermal conduction calorimetry measurements showed that the hydration of the ternary OPC–metakaolin–nCaCO 3 blend had pronounced early secondary phase hydration activity compared to the controls. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis identified the phases as calcium aluminosulfates, with both ettringite and monosulfate forming more quickly in the ternary blend than in the other samples. The presence of the nCaCO 3 also enhanced the formation of C 3 A·CaCO 3 ·12H 2 O in both blends that contained it. The presence of the secondary phases or the nCaCO 3 itself was associated with a significant reduction in strength in the ternary blend as compared to the OPC–metakaolin binary blend. The results suggest that caution is needed in the development of concrete with nanoparticle additions in order to avoid detrimental combinations of nanoparticles, OPC and supplementary cementing materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".