VALIDATION AND NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF THE WHOLE-BLOOD CHEMILUMINESCENCE ASSAY OF INNATE IMMUNE FUNCTION IN WILD VERTEBRATES AND DOMESTIC CHICKENS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The whole-blood chemiluminescence (WBCL) assay is a simple and rapid method of measuring production of reactive oxygen species by circulating leukocytes, particularly heterophils (birds) and neutrophils (other vertebrates). In the interest of substantiating a broadly applicable measure of innate immunity, we investigated the microplate WBCL method for several wildlife species as well as domestic broiler chickens. Lucigenin as a light enhancer was used for all avian blood, wild and domestic, while luminol was used in bear and frog blood. Use of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the anticoagulant caused hemolysis of frog blood and decreased WBCL responses in all animals tested. Heparin, even in high concentrations, caused modest to no decrease of WBCL responses. The WBCL response correlated highly with heterophil or neutrophil numbers in all species tested. The WBCL response was tested in freshly collected blood as well as in blood one to five days postcollection in order to determine the utility of this assay for field studies when immediate access to laboratory facilities is not possible. One to three days of delay in performing the test after blood collection caused no, or only a slight, decay of the chemiluminescence response in most animals. Using domestic chickens, we tested the sensitivity of the WBCL method to detect differences between treatment groups and looked for loss of chemiluminescence response over several days using the original blood samples. Significant differences in the WBCL response between experimental groups of broiler chicken were detectable in freshly collected blood, as well as one- to four-day-old blood. Our results show that the innate immune response of populations of wild animals may be successfully compared using this assay, even when blood cannot be tested until a few days after collection.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".