Experimental Study of Stability and Integrity of Cement in Wellbores Used for CO2 Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary This paper examines the results obtained from several sets of experimental work conducted on cement deterioration in environments similar to those found in CO2 injection and storage projects. In order to investigate various changes in macroscopic and microscopic properties and behaviour of cement in presence of sulphate ions and CO2, several sets of experiments were conducted. The study consisted of preparing and investigating the behaviour of several hundred samples of cement in presence of various concentrations of sulphate, from 0.1 wt% up to 6%, as well as CO2 at 15160 kPa and 55ºC. The effect of sulphate ions on cement was studied at 30ºC, 55ºC and 75º C. The two common classes of cement of Type 10 and Class G were tested during this study. A total of 300 identical cubic and 400 identical cylindrical samples were tested. The change in permeability, compressive strength, and shear and hydraulic bonding strength for these samples were monitored after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months. Laboratory results showed that sulphate ions and CO2 improve the performance of cement during the first few months. However, the effect is reversed under prolonged experiments. The highest reduction in performance was observed for hydraulic shear bonding, which indicates that the highest risk of CO2 leakage is through pathways between the cement and casing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".