Clay effects on the contact angle and water drop penetration time of model soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Clay is an important factor that affects soil water repellency. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of clay content on contact angle and water drop penetration time (WDPT), and to examine their relationship. Model soils were prepared with silica sand and kaolinite, and hydrophobized using stearic acid (SA). The effect of kaolinite on the contact angle changed with the hydrophobic organic matter content of the model soils. The contact angles of organic matter free samples increased with increasing kaolinite content. This was explained by a decrease in the surface-free energy of kaolinite with the adsorption of water at 57% relative humidity. In samples with SA content above 1.6 g kg−1, the contact angle decreased with increasing kaolinite content because the hydrophobizing effect of SA was lower at higher kaolinite content owing to the lower extent of hydrophobic organic coatings. Kaolinite increased the WDPT in non-repellent soils, but decreased the WDPT in slightly to severely repellent soils. Clay effects on the contact angle and WDPT were not comparable and, consequently, the relationship between contact angle and WDPT was found to be non-uniform at different clay contents.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".