Expression of retinoid receptors in multiple cell lineages in the gastric mucosae of mice and humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: In mice and humans, the gastric epithelial progenitors undergo proliferation and bipolar migration from the isthmus associated with their differentiation into mucus-, acid- and pepsinogen-secreting cell lineages. Little is known about factors that control the dynamics of these isthmal progenitor cells. Retinoids have long been known as chemopreventive agents against gastric mucosal damage and carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to examine the cellular localization of the various retinoid receptors proteins (RAR and RXR) in the gastric epithelium of mice and humans. METHODS: Gastric antral biopsies of normal individuals and the oxyntic and antral regions of the mouse stomach were processed for immunohistochemistry using anti-RAR and anti-RXR antibodies. To label the progenitor cell zone, some sections were also probed with antibodies specific for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. RESULTS: The immunoprobed oxyntic mucosal sections of the mice showed that RXRbeta protein was present in the epithelial isthmal cells, neck cells, zymogenic cells and some pit and parietal cells. In addition, RARbeta was found in isthmal and neck cells, and RARgamma was mainly found in neck cells. In the mouse antrum, only RXRbeta was detected in the isthmal cells and their pit and gland cell descendents. In humans, immunoprobed antral sections showed that RARbeta, RARgamma, RXRalpha and RXRgamma proteins are expressed in the isthmal, pit and gland cells. CONCLUSIONS: Retinoid receptors are expressed in multiple cell lineages of the mouse and human gastric epithelium and may, therefore, account for the possible effects of retinoids on gastric epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".