Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recently measured angular diameter of Barnard's star, together with its large and precise parallax, and a spectral energy distribution that extends from the near-ultraviolet to almost 12 μm establish some of the star's fundamental properties—we find a bolometric luminosity L = (3.46 ± 0.17) × 10 -3 L ⊙ , radius R = 0.200 ± 0.008 R ⊙ , and effective temperature T eff = 3134 ± 102 K. Accurate knowledge of those parameters helps in turn to constrain the star's metallicity and mass. Although it is evidently possible to estimate bolometric fluxes with good accuracy from photometry alone, angular diameters present more of a challenge, and we examine alternative methods for determining them, namely, through the use of the Barnes-Evans relation and the infrared flux method. We find further evidence that even "state-of-the-art" M dwarf models, which appear to yield good results for the effective temperatures, nevertheless underestimate the radii of the actual stars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".