Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recently measured angular diameter of Barnard's star, together with its large and precise parallax, and a spectral energy distribution that extends from the near-ultraviolet to almost 12 μm establish some of the star's fundamental properties—we find a bolometric luminosity L = (3.46 ± 0.17) × 10-3 L⊙, radius R = 0.200 ± 0.008 R⊙, and effective temperature Teff = 3134 ± 102 K. Accurate knowledge of those parameters helps in turn to constrain the star's metallicity and mass. Although it is evidently possible to estimate bolometric fluxes with good accuracy from photometry alone, angular diameters present more of a challenge, and we examine alternative methods for determining them, namely, through the use of the Barnes-Evans relation and the infrared flux method. We find further evidence that even "state-of-the-art" M dwarf models, which appear to yield good results for the effective temperatures, nevertheless underestimate the radii of the actual stars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".