Response to “Comment on ‘Isotope effects in liquid water by infrared spectroscopy. IV. No free OH groups in liquid water’” [J. Chem. Phys. 135, 117101 (2011)]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The original infrared spectra in the OH stretch region that Riemenschneider and Ludwig (thereafter, RL) have obtained for pure water and aqueous salt solutions are very similar to what we have previously reported [J.-J. Max and C. Chapados, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 6803 (2001)]. In our 2010 paper, we claimed that “free” OH is not present in pure liquid water. The difference spectra from the salt solutions and pure water spectrum give small negative components situated near 3655 cm−1. Because this position is in the range where free OH groups should absorb RL assigned the negative peaks to free OH removed from pure water. That is, RL consider that pure liquid water contains free OH groups which are removed in the salt solutions. Obviously, the removal of all free OH present in pure water will produce maximum negative intensities in the difference spectra. In this response, we present unpublished difference spectra between several salt solutions and pure water where negative peaks are higher than that claimed by RL for pure water. Since this is impossible it demonstrates that the assignment proposed by RL to free OH is incorrect. The negative peaks come from the difference between large components that differ a little between salt solutions and pure water [J.-J. Max and C. Chapados, J. Chem. Phys. 115, 6803 (2001)]. Recall that the ionized salts do not absorb but perturb the surrounding water molecules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.033 | 0.026 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.029 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".