Bibliographic record
Abstract
Existing unsymmetrical vertical curves consist of two parabolic arcs smoothly connected at the point of common curvature. As such, each arc has a constant rate of change in grade. This paper presents a new and improved single-arc unsymmetrical vertical curve for highways that takes the form of a cubic function. The curve has a rate of change in grade that varies gradually between the beginning and end of the curve. The new curve lies below the sharper arc and above the flatter arc of the existing equal-arc unsymmetrical (EAU) vertical curve, thus smoothing out the EAU curve. In addition, the new curve slightly improves highway sight distance in most of the cases studied. The single-arc curve exhibits several interesting properties. The forward and backward offsets are not equal, nor are the basic and reverse offsets. The offsets of the new and EAU curves are equal at the mid-point of the curve. Also, the rate of change in grade of the new curve at the mid-point equals the average of the rates of change in grade of the two arcs of the EAU curve. The new curve exhibits several important properties and, as such should be of interest to highway designers.Key words: unsymmetrical vertical curves, single arc, highways, offset, sight distance, driver comfort.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".