EFFECT OF BREASTMILK CONSUMPTION ON NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES AT 6 AND 12 MONTHS OF AGE IN VLBW INFANTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the influence of breastmilk consumption, as a dose response, in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants (< 1,500 g) on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6 and 12 months corrected age, and to determine the influence of selected sociodemographic and infant variables on neurodevelopmental outcomes. SUBJECTS: VLBW infants (n = 148) who were fed mother's milk or formula by parental choice. DESIGN: Prospective cohort with longitudinal follow-up at 6 and 12 months corrected age. METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires given to mothers at study entry, before discharge, and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits. During hospitalization, mothers recorded the 24-hour volume of expressed milk once per week. At each follow-up visit, the volume of a single feeding was assessed by pre- and postbreastfeeding test weights of infants measured on an electronic scale accurate to 1.0 g. The amount of breastfeeding was also assessed by feeding records and mother's report. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (2nd Edition), the Mental Developmental Index (MDI), and the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI). PRINCIPAL RESULTS: After controlling for specific sociodemographic and infant variables, this study of VLBW infants showed no statistically significant effect of predominantly breastfeeding compared with predominantly formula feeding on neurodevelopmental outcomes to 12 months corrected age. The most significant predictor of MDI scores at 6 and 12 months corrected age was birth weight, in which higher birth weights predicted higher MDI scores. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lack of statistically significant differences, the findings suggest a small but consistent advantage in developmental scores in infants who were fed their mother's milk compared with those who were predominantly formula fed. Supporting parents to breastfeed preterm infants may maximize the potential advantages of early nutrition in the neurodevelopmental outcome of VLBW infants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".