Systematic review: family history in risk assessment for common diseases.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The usefulness of routinely examining family history in primary care practice is uncertain. PURPOSE: To assess the beneficial and adverse effects of collecting family history in primary care populations; how well family history predicts individual disease risk; and how accurately patients report it. DATA SOURCES: English-language studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PsycINFO from 1995 to 2 March 2009. STUDY SELECTION: Two independent reviewers selected studies that met question-specific eligibility criteria. These included controlled and uncontrolled intervention studies of systematic family history collection and uptake of preventive interventions or adverse effects, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies that examined family history and disease frequency, and studies in which reported family history was validated against relatives' true disease status. DATA EXTRACTION: Information about study quality, setting, and findings was extracted using standardized protocols. DATA SYNTHESIS: Two uncontrolled studies provided insufficient evidence to assess whether querying about family history improves any outcomes. One randomized, controlled trial and 2 uncontrolled studies provided weak evidence that some patients experienced a reversible, short-term increase in anxiety associated with family history taking. In 41 studies, different family history definitions were associated with sensitivities of 0 to 0.51 and specificities of 0.66 to 1.00 for detection of disease risk, and 0 to 0.83 and 0.48 to 1.00, respectively, for detection of prevalent disease. Twenty-three studies suggested that absence of disease in relatives was more accurately reported than presence of disease and that reporting accuracy was higher for information related to first-degree relatives than more distant relatives. LIMITATION: Few studies were designed to address the specific questions of interest. CONCLUSION: Insufficient evidence evaluates how to collect family history information accurately in the primary care setting and the effects of taking family history on patient outcomes. Patients seem to correctly report the absence of disease in relatives more often than the presence of disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".