Heart defects and other malformations in the Inuit in Canada: a baseline study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Birth defects occur in all ethnic groups, remaining an important world-wide cause of perinatal and infant morbidity. This contributes greatly to an excess of health care dollars allocated to the care and repair of those affected. This is especially true when those affected live in remote geographical locations. STUDY DESIGN: A chart review of 2567 live births of children of Inuit parents residing in Arctic Quebec (Nunavik) and on Baffin Island (Nunavut) between 1989 and 1994 (five years) was carried out compared to rates of anomalies of the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS). RESULTS: Birth defects were higher in the Inuit sample in nearly every major ICD-9 category with the exception of neural tube defects, eye anomalies and chromosome abnormalities. (Total: 99.7/1000 Vs 51.5/1000; OR 1.93 95% CI 1.7-2.3). Congenital heart defects were significantly increased 22.9/1000 Vs 5.6/1000, with an OR of 4.18 (95% CI 3.2-5.4) in the ICD-9 category 745. In particular, ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and atrial septal defects (ASDs) (OR 4.9 CI 3.5-6.9 and 4.6 CI 2.9-7.2) were frequent. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of heart defects was an important contributor to the nearly two times rate of total birth defects in the Inuit compared to the ACASS. Further study should be carried out to determine the contributing factors. Genetic predisposition to specific heart defects, and a diet low in folate and vitamin A are considerations. The use of alcohol may exacerbate vitamin status in pregnancy. Optimizing vitamin status in the periconceptional period may reduce the rate of birth defects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".