DIAGNOSTIC X RAYS, DNA REPAIR GENES AND CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A model for childhood leukemia proposes that characteristic chromosomal translocations can arise in utero and that for most cases a second hit occurring postnatally will be necessary. Possible causal mechanisms for leukemias are environmental factors such as ionizing radiation from x rays and inherited susceptibility from polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. We performed a case-control study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia measuring reported postnatal x rays in 701 cases aged 0-14 y and in as many population-based controls matched on age and sex. In addition we performed a case-only study in 207 cases to evaluate the interaction between x ray exposure and polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. There was an increase in risk of leukemia with number of x rays: the adjusted odds ratio for two or more x rays vs. none was 1.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.11-1.97). That risk was slightly higher among girls (odds ratio = 1.67). A polymorphism in the APE gene (ex 5) involved in the base excision repair system was suggestive of an increased risk among boys and a reduced risk among girls. HMLH1 (ex 8), a mismatch repair gene, was associated with reduction of risk among girls. Results from the genetic data are still preliminary and must be interpreted with caution especially because of the relatively small number of genotyped cases. However, ionizing radiation from x rays as well as polymorphisms in DNA repair genes are plausible risk factors for childhood leukemia and should be studied more.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".