MENSTRUAL STATUS EFFECT ON THERMOREGULATION DURING EXERCISE IN THE COLD IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the interactions between reproductive status and menstrual phase, and the thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the cold in girls involved in competitive sports. The objectives were: a) to compare thermoregulatory responses in the cold between eumenorrheic menarcheal (EM) and pre-menarcheal (PM) active adolescents, and b) to detect possible fluctuations of thermoregulatory responses in the cold during different phases of the menstrual cycle in early post-menarcheal years. METHODS Five girls with established menstrual cycles comprised the eumenorrheic menarcheal group (EM) and 5 non-menstruating girls comprised the pre-menarcheal group (PM). During the first visit VO2max, height, weight and relative body fat (%BF) were measured. The second visit involved: a determination of metabolic rate in thermoneutrality (21deg;C) involving 10-min rest and 20-min cycling (30% of VO2max), and a cold stress test (5°C, 40% humidity, < 0.3 m/s air velocity) involving 20-min rest and 40-min cycling (30% of VO2max). Subjects in the EM group were tested twice in the chamber during follicular and luteal phases. RESULTS Premenarcheal subjects were found to have significantly (p < 0.05) lower core temperatures during all stages of cold exposure. PM girls had similar relative body fat but significantly (p < 0.05) higher body surface area-to-mass ratio than EM girls. Heat conductance was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for PM subjects at 60min cold exposure during exercise. No significant thermoregulatory differences were found between menstrual phases in both neutral and cold sessions in young females. CONCLUSIONS Despite their significantly higher heat production (W/kg) in the cold, premenarcheal girls demonstrated a significant decline in core temperature that was not related to body fat. Exercise stimulus was not enough to compensate and a higher heat conductance was found in PM girls during exercise in the cold. Adolescents demonstrate similar thermoregulatory responses at rest and exercise in the cold during both menstrual phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".