A cloverleaf detector system for <i>in vivo</i> bone lead measurement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 4 x 500 mm2 "cloverleaf" low energy germanium detector array has been assembled for the purpose of in vivo bone lead measurement through x-ray fluorescence. Using 109Cd as an exciting source, results are reported from a leg phantom simulating measurement of lead in a human tibia. For high activity (4.0-4.4 GBq) and low activity (0.18-0.19 GBq) sources, measurement results are reported for both the cloverleaf system and a conventional single detector system of equivalent surface area (2000 mm2). The mean uncertainty and reproducibility of measurement were both significantly improved for the cloverleaf system with a high activity 109Cd source. When using a source activity of 4.4 GBq, measurement of the phantom resulted in an average bone lead uncertainty of 0.79 microg/g and a reproducibility of 0.84 microg/g. These results represent the highest precision yet reported from a bone lead x-ray fluorescence system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".