Spectroscopic Studies of the Intermediates in the Conversion of 1,4,11,12-Tetrahydro-9,10-anthraquinone to 9,10-Anthraquinone by Reaction with Oxygen under Basic Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The intermediates of the 1,4,11,12-tetrahydro-9,10-anthraquinone (THAQ) to 9,10-anthraquinone (AQ) reaction are studied by various spectroscopic and computational methods. X-ray diffraction, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and geometry optimization calculations, by the UB1LYP hybrid density functional technique, show that THAQ initially exists in the keto form ( cis THAQK). Addition of very small amounts of NaOH to cis THAQK in solution catalytically converts it into the corresponding enol form (THAQE). The THAQE is then oxidized, by dissolved O 2 in solution, to give the novel 1,4-dihydro-9,10-anthraquinone (DHAQ) which is isolated, and its single-crystal structure is characterized by X-ray spectroscopy. If NaOH is added to THAQE, the 1,4-dihydro-9,10-anthrasemiquinone (DHASQ) radical anion is produced. It is detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and its experimental nuclear hyperfine coupling constants are correlated with those computed by the UB1LYP method. Consequently, the production of DHASQ radical anions, upon addition of NaOH, follows the stepwise reaction cis THAQK ⇄ THAQE ⇄ DHASQ. The treatment of DHAQ with NaOH in methanol also generates the DHASQ radical proving that DHAQ is a precursor to DHASQ. It is thus shown that the DHASQ radical anion can be generated either by oxidation of the THAQE or the single electron reduction of the DHAQ. When the DHASQ radical anion is exposed to small amounts of O 2, it is converted into the corresponding 9,10-anthrasemiquinone (ASQ). Further O 2 oxidizes this radical anion to AQ. This proves that DHASQ must first form the ASQ intermediate before being converted to AQ. These results reveal that the THAQ−soda pulping process, in the presence of atmospheric O 2, first produces AQ. From then onward it is the same as the popular AQ−soda pulping process used in the paper manufacturing industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".