Effect of Minor Components and Temperature Profiles on Polymorphism in Milk Fat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques were used to study the effect of cooling rates and temperature on the crystallization dynamics and polymorphism of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and milk fat triacylglycerols (MFTs). The crystallization of AMF at fast cooling rates and low final temperatures proceeded through the metastable phase α and resulted in the formation of a mixture of phases β‘ and β. Slow cooling rates and high final temperatures resulted in the formation of phase β‘ only, with no formation of phase α nor phase β. Moreover, in the absence of polar lipids, MFTs had a decreased tendency to form the α and β phases. The formation of the β phase was largely dependent on the initial amount of α phase formed. At high cooling rates and low crystallization temperatures, polar lipids may have initiated the crystallization process together with a high melting fraction of milk fat in the α phase. In time, this metastable phase transformed to the β phase. When no α phase was initially formed (high temperatures and/or slow cooling rates), no β phase was formed either. Small-angle X-ray diffraction could be used to monitor compositional variation of crystals over time, and demonstrated that minor polar lipids present in the milk fat delayed the onset of crystallization and reduced the rate of crystal growth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".