Association between obesity, cardiometabolic disease biomarkers and innate immunity-related inflammation: Relevance of vitamin D.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Obesity is associated with a state of chronic inflammation and increased cardiometabolic disease risk. The present study examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers among normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects. Methods: Subjects (n = 1,805, aged 18 to 79 years) from Canada were examined for associations between BMI, cardiometabolic markers [apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, ApoB, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol, total:HDL-C ratio, triglycerides, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)], inflammatory factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and homocysteine), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Bootstrap weights for variance and sampling weights for point estimates were applied to account for the complex survey design. Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, physical activity, smoking status, and ethnicity (in addition to season of clinic visit for vitamin D analyses only) were used to examine the association between cardiometabolic markers, inflammatory factors, and BMI in adults. Results: All biomarkers were significantly associated with BMI (P≤0.001). ApoA1 (β= 0.31, P<0.0001), HDL-C (β=-0.61, P<0.0001), and 25(OH)D (β=-0.25, P<0.0001) were all inversely associated with BMI, while all other biomarkers showed positive linear associations. Different patterns of significant associations were noted for all biomarkers among normal weight, overweight, and obese groups, excluding CRP which was consistently correlated with BMI and showed a significant positive association in the overall population (β=2.80, P<0.0001) and in the normal weight (β=3.20, P=0.02), overweight (β=3.53, P=0.002) and obese (β=2.22, P=0.0002) groups. Interestingly, plasma vitamin D levels were significantly inversely correlated with BMI (β=-0.25±0.06, P<0.0001). Conclusions: There is a distinctive profile of cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers that emerges with obesity as BMI increases from normal weight to obesity. Elucidating these profiles may permit developing an effective approach for early risk prediction of cardiometabolic disease and its prevention based on modulating the corresponding metabolic phenotype in each BMI stage., e.g., by micronutrients such as vitamin D.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".