“POPISH LEGENDS AND BIBLE TRUTHS”: ENGLISH PROTESTANT IDENTITY IN CATHERINE SINCLAIR'S <i>Beatrice</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IN THE AUTUMN OF 1850 a change occurred in the way the Roman Catholic Church in England governed its affairs. Since the Reformation, Catholic priests in England had worked under the authority of four Vicars-Apostolic, who derived their titles from the points of the compass. By 1850, however, that arrangement had become impractical; Irish-Catholic immigrants had been pouring into England attempting to escape the potato famine, and the Pope responded by appointing twelve bishops to such cities as Birmingham and Manchester. In retrospect, this restoration of the Catholic hierarchy appears to be nothing more than a practical measure, which indeed had the effect of giving English Catholics greater independence from Rome, for where the Vicars-Apostolic had answered directly to the Pope, these new bishops were led by an English Cardinal, Nicholas Wiseman, who in 1850 became the newly appointed Cardinal of Westminster. From Wiseman's point of view, however, the new hierarchy symbolized much more than a mere practicality: it represented the first step in what he fondly envisioned as the eventual reclamation of England from heresy. Wiseman's inflammatory language sparked a widespread and furious agitation on the part of English Protestants. The restoration of the Catholic hierarchy quickly became known as the Papal Aggression, and it was met with a fierce and prolonged outcry. Protesters wrote pamphlets, got up petitions, and even participated in riots and bonfires where the Pope was burned in effigy. The agitation went on for well over a year and involved people from virtually all walks of life.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.023 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".