Evaluation of the Influence of Stainless Steel and Copper on the Aging Process of Bio-Oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermal stability of bio-oils obtained from softwood bark (SWBR) and hardwood rich in fibers (HWRF) residues was studied under aging conditions at 80 °C in sealed glass bottles in the presence of stainless steel and copper. SWBR-derived bio-oil separated into oily and aqueous phases during aging, while HWRF-derived oil remained as a single phase during the entire aging period. Dynamic rheological tests and GPC analyses were used to follow the effect of aging on the properties of bio-oils. Bio-oil aging was determined following the changes in bio-oil macrofractions using solvents of different polarities. The main difference observed between the oils analyzed was the tendency of SWBR to form materials insoluble in methanol, while HWRF aging reactions led to the formation of compounds insoluble in water and CH 2 Cl 2 . Methanol-insoluble and water-/CH 2 Cl 2 -insoluble fractions of aged oils were characterized by thermogravimetry, GPC, and Py−GC/MS techniques. The bio-oil aging reactions seem not to be affected by the presence of metals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".