Consequences of the evolution of C<sub>4</sub>photosynthesis for surface energy and water exchange
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although comprising less than 4% of all terrestrial plant species, C4plants are an essential component of low‐latitude ecosystems, and in recent modeling simulations have been shown to strongly influence the stable carbon isotope ratio of the atmosphere. We used a fully coupled Earth system model (HadCM3LC) to evaluate the contribution of C4plants to the exchange of energy and water between the biosphere and atmosphere. Our simulations indicate that the presence or absence of C4plants is important for understanding regional climate, specifically with respect to seasonal climate patterns. When C4plants are absent from simulated tropical ecosystems, the percentage of bare soil increases regionally, Amazonia becomes warmer during the dry season, South Africa becomes drier during the dry season, the African Sahara‐Sahel boundary becomes hotter during the dry season, and yet temperatures cool in central Australia during the Austral winter. Our modeling study provides the first insights into the potential climate feedbacks of late‐Miocene C4‐C3ecosystems on surface energy and water exchange.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".