Langmuir and Langmuir−Blodgett Films of Mixed Asphaltene and a Demulsifier
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asphaltene was extracted from Athabasca oil sands bitumen with n -heptane. The extracted maltene-free asphaltene was characterized for physicochemical properties through molecular weight, chemical composition, and functional group analysis. Monolayer characteristics of mixtures of asphaltene and a polymeric demulsifier were studied using a Langmuir interfacial trough at air−water and heptol−water interfaces through measurements of pressure−area and relaxation isotherms (“heptol” refers to a solvent mixture of hep tane and tol uene). Single-layer Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films from monolayers of mixed asphaltene and demulsifier were deposited on silicon wafers at air−water and heptol−water interfaces. The deposited LB films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and contact angle measurements. Asphaltene forms nanoaggregates at both air−water and heptol−water interfaces. Asphaltene monolayers at a heptol−water interface are more compressible than those at an air−water interface and show little hysteresis. The presence of a demulsifier in a mixed monolayer renders the monolayer more compressible at both air−water and heptol−water interfaces. The asphaltene and demulsifier aggregates follow ideal mixing behavior at both air−water and heptol−water interfaces. AFM images of deposited monolayers reveal the presence of nanosize aggregates. The presence of demulsifier in an asphaltene monolayer can reduce the mechanical strength of the asphaltene monolayer as indicated by reduced rigidity with increasing demulsifier content in the compressibility plot.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it