Two‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulation of natural convection in differentially heated square cavity: Effect of Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A thermal lattice Boltzmann method is utilized for the numerical simulation of the natural convection heat transfer phenomena inside a differentially heated square cavity. Numerical simulations are performed to elucidate the combined effects of Prandtl number (0.71 ≤ Pr ≤ 100) and Rayleigh number (104 ≤ Ra ≤ 106) on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics inside the cavity. Detailed insights are gained by the evaluation of isotherms, stream functions and vorticity profiles. For higher Prandtl and Rayleigh numbers, streamlines become more confined to hot wall with the loss of symmetry. Similarly, isotherms patterns become more stratified towards the hot wall. The centre‐line velocity and temperature profiles are also analyzed. Further, the heat transfer rate is estimated in terms of average Nusselt number. It suggests a proportional increase in the average Nusselt number with the increasing values of Prandtl number for considered range of Rayleigh numbers. Finally, the numerical data for the average Nusselt number are presented in the form of a correlation for their best utilization in design and engineering practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".