Lower leg muscle atrophy in ankle osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine changes in the lower leg muscles associated with ankle osteoarthritis. Fifteen unilateral ankle osteoarthritis patients and fifteen age-gender-matched normal subjects were assessed with clinical [osteoarthritis latency time, pain, alignment, AOFAS ankle score, ankle range of motion (ROM), calf circumference], radiological (ankle osteoarthritis grading), and muscular-physiological parameters [isometric maximal voluntary ankle torque, surface electromyography of the anterior tibial (AT), medial gastrocnemius (MG), soleus (SO), and peroneus longus (PL) muscle]. The osteoarthritis patients had increased pain (6.8 points) and reduced AOFAS score (33.7 points) compared to the control group. Compared to the contralateral healthy leg, the arthritic leg showed reduced mean dorsi-/plantar flexion ROM (16.0 degrees), reduced mean calf circumference (2.1 cm), smaller mean dorsiflexion (16.4 Nm) and plantar flexion (15.8 Nm) torques, lower mean electromyography frequency for all muscles (AT -22.6 Hz; MG -27.3 Hz; SO -25.9 Hz; PL -28.5 Hz), and lower mean electromyography intensity in the AT [-28.0x10(3) (microv)2], MG [-13.3x10(3) (microv)2], and PL [-12.8x10(3) (microv)2]. SO mean electromyography intensity was not significantly changed [+2.0x10(3) (microv)2]. Unilateral ankle osteoarthritis is associated with atrophic changes of the lower leg muscles. This study supports previous observations on muscle dysfunction in knee osteoarthritis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".