Symbiotic Dinitrogen Fixation in Forage Legumes Amended with High Rates of De‐Inking Paper Sludge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper de‐inking process produces a waste by‐product, de‐inking paper sludge (DPS), which contains paper fibers, clay particles, and inks and has high C and Ca and low N and P concentrations. Use of high rates of DPS to increase the soil organic matter thus requires provision of high rates of N for adequate plant growth. Using dinitrogen (N 2 )‐fixing forage legumes is an alternative to the N fertilization under such circumstances. In a 2‐yr field study (1995 and 1996), the effect of different rates of DPS (0, 50, or 100 Mg dry matter ha −1 ), applied once in October 1994, were evaluated on symbiotic N 2 fixation of forage legumes established on two soil types in Eastern Quebec, Canada. Symbiotic N 2 fixation was measured in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.), red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.), and sweetclover ( Melilotus officinalis L.); bromegrass ( Bromus inermis L.) was used as the reference (non N 2 –fixing) crop. Dinitrogen fixation was estimated by the 15 N natural abundance method. The percentages of N derived from the atmosphere increased significantly with DPS in the year of establishment (1995). In the first production year (1996), the effects of DPS on N 2 fixation were mainly observed at the first cut. Our results show that DPS used as an organic amendment generally led to similar or greater forage legume productivity and greater N 2 fixation compared with unamended controls in the first production year and is compatible with sustainable agricultural practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".