Reactive Crystallization of Brushite under Steady State and Transient Conditions: Modeling and Experiment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant effort among researchers to develop calcium orthophosphate based biomaterials and biomedical devices for prosthetic applications and dental implants. Although the properties of these calcium orthophosphates are quite well-known, very little information is available on the growth and nucleation kinetics of these substances. In the present study, the reactive crystallization of calcium phosphate was studied in a batch system at 25 °C. The initial calcium and phosphorus concentration in the reactor was varied from 0.01 to 0.04 mol/dm 3, and the solution pH was kept under 6. Analysis by XRD, FTIR, atomic absorption and UV spectroscopy revealed that the crystals precipitated from the solution were pure brushite (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate). From the experimental determination of crystal size distribution, and with the aid of a rigorous mathematical model of the process in conjunction with a nonlinear optimization program, nucleation and two-dimensional growth kinetics of brushite crystals were determined. The existence of the two-dimensional growth rate was supported by the plate shape morphology of the growing crystals studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".