3-Dimensional microscopy as a method for volume measurement in cells undergoing apoptosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Different patterns of cell volume perturbations are commonly used for modes of cell death: necrosis (cell swelling) and apoptosis (cell shrinkage). In this study we employed recently developed three dimensional microscopy for the measurement of the volume of attached vascular smooth muscle cells transfected with E1A-adenoviral protein. These cells undergo rapid apoptosis in the absence of growth factors or in the presence of staurosporine. In 30-60 min of serum deprivation the volume of these cells is increased by -40% that corresponds to the time point of maximal activation of caspase 3 and chromatin cleavage. In 10-15 min swollen cells exhibit morphological collapse indicated by formation of apoptotic bodies. In contrast to serum-deprived cells, staurosporine leads to attenuation of cell volume by 30%. In this case, apoptotic bodies are detected in -2.5 hr after maximal shrinkage. Thus, our results show that cell shrinkage can not be considered as universal hallmark of apoptosis. The role of stimulus-specific cell volume perturbation in the triggering of the cell death machinery should be examined further.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".