Air‐sea flux of CO<sub>2</sub> in the Arctic Ocean, 1998–2003
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Arctic Ocean has experienced an unprecedented reduction in sea ice over the last 3 decades, increasing the potential for greater exchange of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) between the atmosphere and the upper ocean. The present study utilizes remotely sensed data on distributions of both sea ice and chlorophyll a , together with modeled temperature and salinity fields, to obtain high‐resolution basin‐scale estimates of the air‐sea flux of CO 2 (FCO 2 ) in the Arctic Ocean for the years 1998–2003. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were derived from multiple linear regression relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a . The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ) in surface waters was computed from DIC and alkalinity, the latter of which varied with salinity. FCO 2 was calculated from the air‐sea difference in pCO 2 and wind speed. Annual FCO 2 was highest in the Atlantic‐dominated Greenland and Barents sectors due to their lower sea ice cover, although area‐normalized FCO 2 in these sectors was low. Only the Siberian sector exhibited a significant increase in annual FCO 2 during the time of our study, due to a corresponding increase in ice‐free water. Overall, the Arctic Ocean was a net atmospheric sink for CO 2 , with annual FCO 2 averaging 118 ± 7 Tg C yr −1 during 1998–2003.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".