Characterization of Adsorbed Athabasca Asphaltene Films at Solvent−Water Interfaces Using a Langmuir Interfacial Trough
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Characteristics of adsorbed monolayers of fractionated high molecular weight, low molecular weight, and unfractionated whole asphaltenes at a heptol (a mixture of heptane and toluene)−water interface have been studied with a Langmuir interfacial trough. The deposited monolayer Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) asphaltene films were characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurements, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Monolayers of the three asphaltene samples behave similarly at a heptol−water interface, as characterized by close resemblance of the corresponding pressure−area, hysteresis, and relaxation isotherms. For pressure−area isotherms, a monolayer of the low molecular weight asphaltene is the most expanded, while a monolayer of the high molecular weight asphaltene is the most condensed. In terms of relaxation characteristics, a monolayer of the high molecular weight asphaltene relaxes most quickly. Similarity among the three asphaltene samples is further evidenced by close resemblance of topographies of AFM images, contact angle values, and FTIR spectra of the deposited LB asphaltene films. In general, an asphaltene monolayer is more flexible at a heptol−water interface than at an air−water interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".