Assessing the Carbonation Behavior of Cementitious Materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The carbonation behavior of six cementitious materials was examined (CSA Type 10 cement, CSA Type 30 cement, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag, electric arc furnace (EAF) slag, and hydrated lime) for applicability to CO2 sequestration applications. No-slump press-formed compacts and loose powders were subjected to 100% CO2 at a constant pressure of 5bar for 2h. The CO2 contents of the as-received and the carbonated materials were measured. It was found that the cements, fly ash, and electric arc furnace slag could each show CO2 uptake on the order of 12%, while the lime achieved nearly 40%. The blast furnace slag managed 7% uptake. The carbon uptakes achieved were significantly lower than the theoretical maximum as determined by chemistry. The 2h carbonation produced high early age strength in cements and hydrated lime, which can be used as structural materials. The strength gain in fly ash, EAF slag, and GGBF slag was nevertheless not sufficient. X-ray diffraction analysis determined that the primary carbonation product formed was calcite, while C3S, C2S, and Ca(OH)2 were the phases consumed. Scanning electron microscopy observations considered the morphology of the carbonation products and the degree of reaction in terms of microstructure characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".