Prostatitis-like Symptoms: Prevalence and Impact on Quality of Life in Kenyan Youth Aged 16–19 Years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in community dwelling Kenyan youth aged 16–19 years (n = 166) using the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). Prostatitis symptom impact on QoL was examined using pain and urinary symptoms as well as depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ) and demographic information. All participants were registered and attending secondary school during the time of survey. The mean age of the sample was 16.97 (SD = .88). Approximately 23.5% pubertal males reported having total pain domain scores of 4 or greater. Using a prostatitis-like symptom case identification the sample prevalence was 13.3% and 9% using a conservative estimate removing males endorsing pain or burning during urination as a potential indicator of STIs. Further, 5.4% of the sample reported moderate to severe prostatitis symptoms which was reduced to 2.4% when urination pain is removed. Multiple regression analysis showed that school district (β = .20), depressive symptoms (β = .18) and pain (β = .36) predicted poorer QoL and that urinary symptoms did not (β = .11). These findings are discussed in light of the current prevalence data, clinical implications and future research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".