Orthokinetic Flocculation of Caseinate-Stabilized Emulsions: Influence of Calcium Concentration, Shear Rate, and Protein Content
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calcium-induced flocculation of caseinate-stabilized soybean oil-in-water emulsions in conditions of Couette flow was studied. A concentrated emulsion (20% oil, 0.5-2.0% sodium caseinate in 20 mM imidazole, pH 7) was diluted 20 times in buffer containing concentrations of CaCl(2) between 9 and 17 mM and sheared at rates between 335 and 1340 s(-)(1). The average particle size (d(43)), measured by integrated light scattering, increased in a sigmoidal manner with shearing time. An increased shear rate resulted in an increased flocculation rate, because of the increased number of collisions between particles, but a decreased value of the maximum d(43), because higher shear rates increasingly disrupted the flocs. The flocculation rate was increased by increasing the calcium concentration, indicating an increased collision efficiency. The orthokinetic stability of the emulsions was increased with increased protein content, and it is postulated that the increased surface coverage and hydrodynamic thickness of the adsorbed protein layer increased steric repulsion between droplets, so that higher calcium concentrations were necessary to induce sufficient conformational change of the proteins to allow flocculation. At high caseinate concentrations, calcium may also induce precipitation of unadsorbed caseins from the serum to the oil-water interface, thereby increasing steric repulsion and hence increasing orthokinetic stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".