Effects of Osmotic Stress and Cryoprotectant Toxicity on Mouse Oocyte Fertilization and Subsequent Embryonic Development In Vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Supplementation of cryoprotectant agent (CPA) into freezing solution causes osmotic change and this change together with toxicity of CPA may damage the oocytes before freezing. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the tolerance of mouse oocytes to osmotic changes and to compare the toxicity of the permeable CPAs. Denuded mouse oocytes were exposed to (1) 0.5 M, 1.0 M, or 2.0 M sucrose in HEPES-buffered modified human tubal fluid (mHTF), respectively, for 3 min at the room temperature; exposed to (2) either 1.0 M or 2.0 M ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propanediol (PROH), dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and glycerol in HEPES-buffered mHTF for 3 min at room temperature, respectively. Following exposure, the oocytes were inseminated by in vitro fertilization (IVF), and the zygotes were further cultured to assess embryonic development in vitro. Additional analyses included morphologic evaluation of meiotic spindle organization and chromosome alignment as well as aneuploidy. Exposure to 2.0 M sucrose significantly impaired fertilization and blastocyst formation rates (p < 0.01). Although the fertilization and blastocyst formation rates were not affected by exposure to 1.0 M CPAs, the percentages of fertilization and blastocyst formation were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) when the oocytes were exposed to 2.0 M EG, PROH, Me2SO and glycerol. Analysis of meiotic spindle and chromosome alignment showed higher (p < 0.05) percentages of abnormalities in the oocytes that were exposed to 2.0 M PROH, glycerol or sucrose compared to Me2SO- or EG-treated oocytes. Ploidy analysis also showed a lower incidence of aneuploidy in EG group (p < 0.05) compared to other CPAs, indicating that EG as CPA has less cytotoxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".