Progress in the Genetics of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease that has a prevalence of 1 in 1000 women over the age of 40. Treatment is presently limited to ursodeoxycholic acid, a hydrophilic bile acid that has nonspecific, choleretic, effects in cholestatic liver disease. PBC has strong autoimmune features, including highly specific loss of tolerance to a ubiquitous mitochondrial antigen. Both environmental and genetic factors are considered important in the pathogenesis of disease. Prior to the advent of genome-wide association studies, only class II human leucocyte antigen (HLA) loci (HLA-DRB1*08, *11, and *13) had been reproducibly shown to associate with disease. Non-HLA loci were suggested for several genes (e.g., CTLA-4, MDR3), but often inconclusively replicated. With the application of genome-wide technology, HLA was confirmed as the strongest association and many other risk loci have been identified, with equivalent effect size to HLA, including IL12A, IL12RB2, STAT4, IRF5-TNPO3, 17q12.21, MMEL1, SPIB, and CTLA-4. These collectively support an important role for innate and adaptive immunity in development of disease. Further insights are predicted as studies with larger cohorts are assembled, and different approaches are taken to further discover common and uncommon gene variants associated with disease. Disease subphenotypes such as response to therapy, clinical progression, and symptoms remain additional areas for further dedicated studies, and in which different genetic risk factors may be relevant. Identification of risk loci associated with disease has the potential to aid development of rational, disease-specific, therapies in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".