Evaluation of the origin of sulphate at the groundwater source Ključ, Serbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The dual-isotope method of measuring both the δ(34)S and δ(18)O values of dissolved sulphate to assess the origin and fate of groundwater sulphate at the Ključ groundwater source, Serbia is applied. A sampling campaign was conducted in September 2007 during low-flow conditions, obtaining river water and groundwater from observation wells completed in a shallow aquifer formed in alluvial sandy-gravelly sediments. In the shallow groundwater, sulphate concentrations ranged from 56.2 to 165.0 mg l(-1). The δ(34)S values of sulphate varied from-5.5 to+3.0 ‰ and [Formula: see text] values from+1.4 to+4.2 ‰. Oxidation of pedospheric (organic soil S) and lithogenic sulphur sources (e.g. pyrite) were identified as the main causes for the increasing sulphate concentrations in the analysed groundwater. This study shows that combining hydrological, chemical, and isotopic techniques is a powerful approach to identifying sources and processes that control sulphate in water resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".