Interfacial Tensions of the Crude Oil + Reservoir Brine + CO<sub>2</sub>Systems at Pressures up to 31 MPa and Temperatures of 27 °C and 58 °C
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental technique is developed to measure the interfacial tensions of the crude oil + reservoir brine + CO 2 systems at pressures from (0.1 to 31.4) MPa and two temperatures (27 and 58) °C using the axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) technique for the pendant drop case. The measured dynamic interfacial tension is gradually reduced to an equilibrium value. For both the reservoir brine + CO 2 system and the crude oil + CO 2 system, the equilibrium interfacial tension decreases as the pressure increases, whereas it increases as the temperature increases. For the reservoir brine + CO 2 system, the interfacial tension data are not available at P ≥ 12.238 MPa and 58 °C because the pendant brine drop cannot be formed in the CO 2 phase. However, for the crude oil + CO 2 system, the equilibrium interfacial tension remains almost constant at P ≥ 8.879 MPa and 27 °C or at P ≥ 13.362 MPa and 58 °C. Under the same conditions, nevertheless, the equilibrium interfacial tension of the crude oil + reservoir brine + CO 2 system is reduced in comparison with that of the crude oil + reservoir brine system. The interfacial tension reduction for the crude oil + reservoir brine + CO 2 system is larger at higher pressures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".