White blood cell subtypes, insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction in high‐risk individuals – the PROMISE cohort
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Higher white blood cell count (WBC) is associated with incident type 2 diabetes; however, little is known about the potential relationship of WBC subtypes with metabolic abnormalities underlying diabetes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred and fifty-six nondiabetic participants in the Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation cohort. MEASUREMENTS: Granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils), lymphocytes and monocytes were measured in fasting blood samples. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is the ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte. Insulin resistance was measured by insulin sensitivity index (ISOGTT) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Beta-cell dysfunction was measured by insulinogenic index (IGI) divided by HOMA-IR (IGI/IR) and Insulin Secretion Sensitivity Index-2 (ISSI-2). RESULTS: All WBC subtypes were inversely associated with ISOGTT [β = -0·12 (-0·15, -0·083) for granulocytes, β = -0·23 (-0·31, -0·15) for lymphocytes, β = -0·67 (-1·00, -0·34) for monocytes] and positively associated with HOMA-IR [β = 0·11 (0·074, 0·15) for granulocytes, β = 0·22 (0·14, 0·30) for lymphocytes, β = 0·64 (0·33, 0·97) for monocytes]. Granulocytes and lymphocytes were inversely associated with IGI/IR [β = -0·10 (-0·15, -0·047), β = -0·23 (-0·35, -0·11), respectively] and ISSI-2 [β = -0·048 (-0·074, -0·022), β = -0·14 (-0·19, -0·089), respectively]. BMI attenuated the associations of monocytes with IGI/IR and ISSI-2, and those of NLR with ISOGTT and HOMA-IR. NLR was not associated with IGI/IR and ISSI-2. CONCLUSIONS: All WBC subtypes were independently associated with insulin resistance, whereas granulocytes and lymphocytes, but not monocytes, were associated with β-cell dysfunction. NLR was not associated with β-cell dysfunction, and its association with insulin resistance was confounded by obesity.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it