Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sir Edwin Arnold (1832–1904), a now neglected figure, was once honoured and revered. Focusing on Arnold’s varied writings on Indian themes, this article presents a case for reassessing his role and importance, concentrating on his contribution towards disseminating knowledge of Indian religions to Western readers and particularly his influence upon Buddhism both in terms of Western attitudes and Eastern responses. It applies Said’s theory of ‘Orientalism’ to analyse Arnold’s life and work, thereby illustrating some of the strengths and weaknesses of Said’s approach as well as some of the complexities of Arnold’s character. Arnold is shown to have pursued a popularizing project yet appealed to scholarly findings, discussed the distinctions between ‘East’ and ‘West’ but also their continuities and expressed an overt imperial ideology though critiquing it in certain respects. Addressing one allegation levelled against Said, that he does not acknowledge the depth and breadth of the ‘East’s’ impact upon the ‘West’, this article explores a range of issues centred on The Light of Asia and Buddhism. Thus it demonstrates how Arnold changed Western attitudes towards Buddhism and, through raising consciousness of the state of Bodhgaya, stimulated a campaign that was to have far-reaching consequences for ‘modern Buddhism’.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".