AROUND THE RING WE GO: THE COLD, DENSE RING OF MOLECULAR GAS IN NGC 1614
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present high-resolution archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 12 CO J = 3–2 and J = 6–5 and HCO + J = 4–3 observations and new CARMA 12 CO and 13 CO J = 1–0 observations of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 1614. The high-resolution maps show the previously identified ring-like structure while the 12 CO J = 3–2 map shows extended emission that traces the extended dusty features. We combined these new observations with previously published Submillimeter Array 12 CO and 13 CO J = 2–1 observations to constrain the physical conditions of the molecular gas at a resolution of 230 pc using a radiative transfer code and a Bayesian likelihood analysis. At several positions around the central ring-like structure, the molecular gas is cold (20–40 K) and dense (>10 3.0 cm −3 ). The only region that shows evidence of a second molecular gas component is the "hole" in the ring. The 12 CO-to- 13 CO abundance ratio is found to be greater than 130, more than twice the local interstellar medium value. We also measure the CO-to-H 2 conversion factor, α CO , to range from 0.9 to 1.5 M ☉ (K km s −1 pc 2 ) −1 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".