Cost of living, real wages and real incomes in thirteen Canadian cities, 1900–1950
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Price indices for thirteen Canadian cities for 1900 to 1950 demonstrate large regional differences in cost of living until 1914. After 1914 regional price levels converged. Before the war, western Canadian cities had the highest cost of living. After 1920 cities in Ontario had the highest cost of living. Accounting for these trends in regional costs of living reveals that regional real wage and real income structures have been present and stable since at least 1901. Thus, regional wage and income disparities are long‐standing and persistent features of the Canadian economy. Coût de la vie, salaires réels et revenus réels dans treize villes canadiennes . Les indices de prix pour treize villes canadiennes entre 1900 et 1950 montrent qu’il y avait de fortes différences dans le coût de la vie jusqu’en 1914. Après 1914, il y a convergence des niveaux de prix régionaux. Avant la guerre, les villes de l’ouest canadien avaient le coût de la vie le plus élevé. Après 1920, des villes de l’Ontario vont avoir le plus haut coût de la vie. Si l’on tient compte de ces tendances régionales dans les niveaux du coût de la vie, il appert que des structures de salaires et de revenus réels ont été en place et stables depuis 1901. Donc, les disparités régionales de salaires et de revenus sont des caractéristiques déjà anciennes et persistantes de l’économie canadienne.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".