Vowel production in sighted children and congenitally blind children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well known that vision plays an important role in speech perception. At the production level, we have recently shown that speakers with congenital visual deprivation produce smaller displacements of the lips (visible articulator) compared to their sighted peers [L. Ménard, C. Toupin, S. Baum, S. Drouin, J. Aubin, and M. Tiede, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 2975–2987 (2013)]. To further investigate the impact of visual experience on the articulatory gestures used to produce intelligible speech, a speech production study was conducted with blind and sighted school-aged children. Eight congenitally blind children (mean age: 7 years old, from 5 years to 11 years) and eight sighted children (mean age: 7 years old, from 5 years to 11 years) were recorded using a synchronous ultrasound and Optotrak imaging system to record tongue and lip positions. Repetitions of the French vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ were elicited in a /bVb/ sequence in two prosodic conditions: neutraland under contrastive focus. Tongue contours, lip positions, and formant values were extracted. Acoustic data show that focused syllables are less differentiated from their unfocused counterparts in blind children than in sighted children. Trade-offs between lip and tongue positions are examined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".