Foreign Investment and Growth vs. Development: A Comparative Study of Ireland and Wales */L'investissement Etranger et la Croissance vs le Developpement-Une Etude Comparative De l'Irlande et le Pays De Galles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rapid growth and high levels of foreign investment in the Irish economy during the 1990s are often cited as a model for Canadian development policy. It is claimed that we should adopt low corporate profit taxes in enterprise zones to stimulate the growth of lagging Canadian regions. In this article compares the growth experience of Ireland and Wales. Wales attracts little attention, yet it too experienced high levels of foreign investment. This article shows that foreign investment is not a sufficient condition, and perhaps not even a necessary condition, for strong growth in disposable incomes. Thus, Ireland may be less informative than Wales for developing regional policies. La croissance rapide et les niveaux eleves d'investissements etrangers dans l'economie irlandaise durant les annees 1990 sont souvent cites comme un mode le pour la politique canadienne de developpement. Cet article compare l'experience de croissance de l'Irlande et du Pays de Galles. L'economie agricole de l'Irlande a ete transformee dans la seconde moitie du vingtie me sie cle, une periode d'impots diminue (et meme zero) sur les profits des entreprises etrange res. Cependant, les determinants de croissance d'Irlande incluent des subventions massives de l'Union europeenne, les devaluations de taux de change, une provision elastique de travailleurs qualifies, et l'acce s au marche europeen grand et croissant. De plus, la croissance exceptionnelle en Irlande a eu lieu apre s l'augmentation des impots. Un effet significatif de l'important engagement etranger en Irlande est le grand ecart entre le PIB et le PNB qui continue d'elargir, indiquant l'etendue des avantages de croissance qui accru en dehors d'Irlande. D'autre part, le Pays de Galles s'est transforme de sa base du [19.sup.ieme] sie cle constituant de l'extraction minie re, le fer et l'acier avec ses salaires relativement eleves. La croissance economique etait irregulie re, malgre un investissement international generalement plus fort que dans l'Irlande. L'investissement international est venu a Pays de Galles sans impots et main d'oeuvre concessionnaires accorde en Irlande - et malgre l'effort du gouvernement de Thatcher attirant les entreprises etrange res au sud-est d'Angleterre. Le Pays de Galles a profite aussi de la decentralisation de l'emploi gouvernemental. Cet article demontre que l'investissement etranger n'est pas une condition suffisante et, peut-etre meme pas une condition necessaire, pour une forte croissance des revenus nets. Introduction A regular theme in the business and popular media has been Ireland, the Celtic Tiger, is the model of development for the lagging regions of Canada, perhaps for the entire country. Ireland's rapid GDP growth through much of the 1990s is the achievement we should aspire to. Its use of low, even zero, corporate profit taxes to attract foreign investment is claimed to be the policy responsible for Ireland's success. Academics with more complex explanations of Ireland's growth nonetheless accept the proposition that foreign investment is an important part of a growth strategy (Fortin 2001; Romsa 2003). Cross (1999: 384) cites a high ratio of FDI/GDP to conclude that multi-national enterprises (MNEs) ... have had and will continue to have a critical role in determining the pace and structure of economic development across Europe... In Canada, Guillemette and Mintz (2004: 1) advocate that Canada ...reform corporate taxes to enhance the country's attractiveness as an investment location. Harris (2005: 5, 6) claims Canada's poor R&D performance could be offset by technological diffusion through trade and foreign direct investment, even though he recognises that FDI is one of the limitations on domestic R&D activities. This paper describes the Irish development process. The criteria for measuring successful development are assessed and the economic costs of their foreign investment strategy are considered. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".