Pupillometry in Mice: Sex and Strain‐Dependent Phenotypes of Pupillary Functioning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Pupillometry is used as a phenotyping assay for investigating pupil responses in normal and genetically engineered mice. The mice used most often in contemporary ophthalmic research have not been adequately investigated by pupillometry. METHODS: An infrared-video camera was used to assess pupillary functioning under standard dark-adapted conditions (30 min acclimatization in a ganzfeld chamber) and 30 min after the installation of either 10 microl tropicamide (1.0%) or 10 microl pilocarpine (5.0%) into the conjunctival cul-de-sac. The experiment was self-controlled using a repeated-measures analysis of variance to analyze 60 mice (30 males, 24 weeks of age) from three strains (C57BL/6, 129SvJ, and F1 hybrid). RESULTS: The dark-adapted pupillary diameter of mice ranged from 2.3 mm (SD = 0.14) in female C57BL/6 to 2.9 mm (SD = 0.05) in male 129SvJ. Under dark-adapted conditions, all mice examined were sexual dimorphic (F = 19.5, dF = 2, 119, p < 0.001) and strain-dependent differences were observed between male C57BL/6-129SvJ and C57BL/6-F1 and female C57BL/6-F1 (F = 82.32, dF = 1, 119, p < 0.001). The mean pupillary diameter 30 min after the application of tropicamide ranged from 2.5 mm (SD = 0.16) in female F1 to 3.0 mm (SD = 0.13) in male C57BL/6. Tropicamide produced a sexual dimorphism in mydriasis for all mice (F = 56.30, dF = 1, 59, p < 0.001); however, strain-dependent differences were not observed (F = 1.31, dF = 2, 59, p < 0.280). The mean pupillary diameter 30 min after the application of pilocarpine ranged from 2.6 mm (SD = 0.28) in female C57BL/6 to 3.2 mm in both male F1 (SD = 0.22) and 129SvJ (SD = 0.04). Pilocarpine produced a sexual dimorphism in mydriasis for 129SvJ and F1 (F = 106.70, dF = 1, 59, p < 0.001) and strain-dependent differences were observed between female C57BL/6-F1 (F = 17.25, dF = 2, 59, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The experiment demonstrates that mice respond idiosyncratically in their pupillary response under standard dark-adapted conditions and to either tropicamide or pilocarpine depending on strain and/or sex of the mouse. The characteristic responses observed are likely due to subtle differences in the genetic expression of phenotype.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".