Pupillometry in Mice: Sex and Strain‐Dependent Phenotypes of Pupillary Functioning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Pupillometry is used as a phenotyping assay for investigating pupil responses in normal and genetically engineered mice. The mice used most often in contemporary ophthalmic research have not been adequately investigated by pupillometry. METHODS: An infrared-video camera was used to assess pupillary functioning under standard dark-adapted conditions (30 min acclimatization in a ganzfeld chamber) and 30 min after the installation of either 10 microl tropicamide (1.0%) or 10 microl pilocarpine (5.0%) into the conjunctival cul-de-sac. The experiment was self-controlled using a repeated-measures analysis of variance to analyze 60 mice (30 males, 24 weeks of age) from three strains (C57BL/6, 129SvJ, and F1 hybrid). RESULTS: The dark-adapted pupillary diameter of mice ranged from 2.3 mm (SD = 0.14) in female C57BL/6 to 2.9 mm (SD = 0.05) in male 129SvJ. Under dark-adapted conditions, all mice examined were sexual dimorphic (F = 19.5, dF = 2, 119, p < 0.001) and strain-dependent differences were observed between male C57BL/6-129SvJ and C57BL/6-F1 and female C57BL/6-F1 (F = 82.32, dF = 1, 119, p < 0.001). The mean pupillary diameter 30 min after the application of tropicamide ranged from 2.5 mm (SD = 0.16) in female F1 to 3.0 mm (SD = 0.13) in male C57BL/6. Tropicamide produced a sexual dimorphism in mydriasis for all mice (F = 56.30, dF = 1, 59, p < 0.001); however, strain-dependent differences were not observed (F = 1.31, dF = 2, 59, p < 0.280). The mean pupillary diameter 30 min after the application of pilocarpine ranged from 2.6 mm (SD = 0.28) in female C57BL/6 to 3.2 mm in both male F1 (SD = 0.22) and 129SvJ (SD = 0.04). Pilocarpine produced a sexual dimorphism in mydriasis for 129SvJ and F1 (F = 106.70, dF = 1, 59, p < 0.001) and strain-dependent differences were observed between female C57BL/6-F1 (F = 17.25, dF = 2, 59, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The experiment demonstrates that mice respond idiosyncratically in their pupillary response under standard dark-adapted conditions and to either tropicamide or pilocarpine depending on strain and/or sex of the mouse. The characteristic responses observed are likely due to subtle differences in the genetic expression of phenotype.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".