Preferential Adsorption and Co-nonsolvency of Thermoresponsive Polymers in Mixed Solvents of Water/Methanol
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
If two good solvents become poor for a polymer when mixed, the solvent pair is called a co-nonsolvent pair for the polymer. The sharp depression of the LCST by the co-nonsolvency in solutions of poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) in the mixed solvent of water and methanol is shown to be caused by the competitive hydrogen bonding of water and methanol molecules onto the polymer chains. On the basis of a new statistical-mechanical model for competitive hydrogen bonds, the degree of hydration θ (w) and of methanol binding θ (m), excess degree Δθ E of solvent binding, preferential adsorption coefficients Γ, LCST spinodal lines, and cloud-point depression Δ T cl are theoretically calculated and compared with the experimental results. The optimal composition x m ( M ) of methanol at which LCST takes the minimum value is studied as a function of the polymer molecular weight M. In the high molecular weight limit, it takes x m ≃ 0.35. The solution recovers a uniform state in the region of higher methanol composition. Such a peculiar phase separation is caused by the dehydration of the polymer chains by the mixed methanol molecules in a cooperative way.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it