Residues of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in canola seed following preharvest applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Residue data for glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in canola seed following preharvest application of glyphosate were lacking when this 2-yr study was initiated. Residues of glyphosate and AMPA were measured in the seed of canola (Brassica rapa L.) at maturity following preharvest application at rates of 0.45, 0.9 or 1.7 kg acid equivalent ha−1 at four sites in western Canada. Herbicide treatments were applied in early August to mid-September at four stages of crop development, which encompassed seed/pod moisture contents ranging from 74 to 12%. Rate of glyphosate application and the physiological maturity of the crop at application played important roles in determining the magnitude of glyphosate and AMPA residues in the seed of preharvest-treated canola. In general, for a given site, mean residues of glyphosate and AMPA in the seed increased with increasing application rate, and decreased with application at later stages of crop development. In 1989, mean residues of glyphosate in the seed for all application rates at the latest stage of development at each site were <1 mg kg−1. In 1988, when seed/pod moisture content generally declined very slowly from stage 1 to stage 3 and then decreased rapidly, corresponding mean residues were higher and varied from <1 to 19.7 mg kg−1. Seed/pod moisture was not a reliable indicator of stage of canola development and, consequently, the magnitude of glyphosate and AMPA residues in the seed. Key words: Glyphosate residues, AMPA residues, canola, preharvest treatment
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".