Retinal Growth Hormone in the Chick Embryo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The presence of GH and GH mRNA in the eyes of embryonic chicks is controversial and has, therefore, been further examined. In this study, GH cDNAs identical in size and sequence to the full-length pituitary transcript were generated by RT-PCR from mRNA extracted from the neural retinas of embryonic day (ED) 7 chick embryo eyes. GH immunoreactivity in the neural retina of embryos was primarily associated with proteins of 15 and 16 kDa, whereas only trace amounts of monomer (22-25 kDa) GH, the most abundant form in the pituitary gland, were present. GH immunoreactivity was also present in the vitreous humor, although this was associated only with the 15-kDa protein. After hatch, retinal proteins with GH immunoreactivity of 15 and 16 kDa were present neonatally but not after 42 d of age. The GH immunoreactivity in the neural retina of ED8 embryos was widespread, although GH staining was particularly abundant in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Full-length GH mRNA was similarly located, by in situ hybridization, throughout the neural retina and concentrated in cells in the RGC layer. The neural retina is also a site of GH action because 10-6 m chicken GH greatly increased (4- to 5-fold) the content of IGF-1 mRNA in 48-h cultured ED8 neural retinas. These results demonstrate the presence of full-length GH mRNA in the neural retina of chick embryos, in which GH immunoreactivity is primarily associated with RGCs and submonomer GH proteins of 15-16 kDa. These results also demonstrate GH action in the neural retina of embryos and suggest hitherto unsuspected roles for GH in retinal development and/or ocular function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".