Evidence of recovery from phosphorus enrichment in Lake Michigan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the last century, diatom production responses to increased phosphorus loading in Lake Michigan resulted in increased silica sedimentation losses and a consequent decline in the silica content of the lake. In light of recent reductions in phosphorus loading to the lake, we examined long-term monitoring data to determine if this trend might be reversing. Spring total phosphorus concentrations, although highly variable, declined approximately 1 μg·L1 throughout the lake between 1983 and 2000. Spring soluble silica concentrations, an indicator of total in-lake reserves, increased from 1.1 to 1.6 mg·L1 during this period. Summer epilimnetic silica concentrations in the southern basin were at apparently limiting levels of approximately 0.15 mg·L1 until 1991 and then increased sharply. A similar trend was seen in the northern basin. Summer diatom populations increased in both basins after 1991, and ordination analyses suggest that the species composition of both spring and summer communities has responded to these silica increases. These results document for the first time a reversal of the silica depletion sequence and provide the most compelling evidence to date that phosphorus load reductions are having an impact on the Lake Michigan ecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".