Impacts of cathodic protection on pipe break probabilities: a Toronto case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pipe break database of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), dating from 1960, is used to quantify the impacts of cathodic protection (CP) on the frequency of pipe breaks. The findings demonstrate that the average time between pipe breaks increases by up to an average of almost 4 years for ductile iron pipes after CP is placed on a pipe. Further, the probability of a pipe break occurring 10 years after the application of CP decreases in comparison with pipes that have not been cathodically protected. The cost savings for CP are substantial, with the repair costs (including the cost of CP implementation) decreasing to one-third for ductile iron (DI) pipes of 150 mm diameter and to one-half for DI pipes of 300 mm diameter. The cost savings for cast iron (CI) pipes are not as dramatic, but still demonstrate a reduction to 60% of the repair costs for 150 mm diameter pipes and to 70% of the repair costs for 300 mm diameter pipes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".